Napoleon I never saw the completion of his Arc de Triomphe. Inaugurated in 1836 by King Louis-Philippe, the arch was dedicated to the armies of the Revolution and the Empire. At the instigation of Napoleon III, the architect Jacques Hittorff was commissioned by Baron Haussmann to create a square worthy of this Napoleonic symbol. From 1854 onwards, twelve avenues were laid out in a star shape around the Arc de Triomphe. Apart from the Champs-Elysées, they had names from the First Empire – Wagram, Mac-Mahon, Carnot, Grande Armée, Kléber, Iéna, Marceau, Friedland, Hoche, Eylau (now Avenue Victor-Hugo) – and the Empress Eugenie (now Avenue Foch).