In the 11th century, the monks of the great abbeys (Cluny, Cîteaux) were the main producers of Burgundy wine. They owned vast vineyards and a large workforce that enhanced yields. From the 13th century onwards, Beaune wine has been the reference in Europe in terms of quality, so much so that the first Duke of Burgundy – Philippe le Hardi – was committed to develop its production. In 1395, in order to maintain the reputation of Burgundy wines, he issued an ordinance which established the principles of a high-quality vineyard. He thus established the first wine policy in history.