The profession of gardian (herdsman) is ancient, and the first testimonies of its existence date from the 16th century. The herdsmen of the time were called pastors nouriguiers and were mainly horse breeders until the middle of the 19th century, with bull breeding as a side activity. With the development of bullfighting in France, the second half of the 19th century oriented the profession more towards cattle breeding. Around 1880-1890, the advent of steam threshers reduced the need for herds of Camargue horses. The profession of gardians experienced a revaluation in the 20th century, moving from a trade little regarded to a respected status. At the same period, Marquis Folco de Baroncelli and aristocrat Joseph d'Arbaud codified its practice, games, outfits, and traditions.