Installed in Avignon in 1309, the Popes also assumed the role of Bishops of Avignon and lords of Châteauneuf. John XXII, Pope from 1316 to 1334, chose to strengthen the fortifications, enlarge and rebuild several castles near the Rhône valley and in particular in Châteauneuf-Calcenier, the former name of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. A castle dominating the Comtat Venaissin plain and overlooking the whole village was built there in less than twenty years between 1317 and 1333. Flanked by four imposing towers, it played the double role of a fortress and a holiday resort for the Popes over the centuries, in particular after the improvements made from the 1380s.