From 1853 onwards, Baron Haussmann, Napoleon III’s town planner, laid out kilometres of pavements in Paris and cleaned up the roadways. Gas lighting was developed and the number of lampposts on the pavements increased. In 1869, there were 33,859 of them. Haussmann had the most famous artists of the time design the dark cast iron street lamps: Félix Duban designed those in the courtyard of the Louvre, Hector-Martin Lefuel those on the Carrousel. More than a hundred models of street lamps with very carefully designed shapes and decorations lit up the streets of Paris.